Recipes and FAQ

This section gives answers to frequently asked questions. It shows you how to get Cutadapt to do what you want it to do!

Remove more than one adapter

If you want to remove a 5’ and 3’ adapter at the same time, use the support for linked adapters.

If your situation is different, for example, when you have many 5’ adapters but only one 3’ adapter, then you have two options.

First, you can specify the adapters and also --times=2 (or the short version -n 2). For example:

cutadapt -g ^TTAAGGCC -g ^AAGCTTA -a TACGGACT -n 2 -o output.fastq input.fastq

This instructs Cutadapt to run two rounds of adapter finding and removal. That means that, after the first round and only when an adapter was actually found, another round is performed. In both rounds, all given adapters are searched and removed. The problem is that it could happen that one adapter is found twice (so the 3’ adapter, for example, could be removed twice).

The second option is to not use the -n option, but to run Cutadapt twice, first removing one adapter and then the other. It is easiest if you use a pipe as in this example:

cutadapt -g ^TTAAGGCC -g ^AAGCTTA input.fastq | cutadapt -a TACGGACT - > output.fastq

Trim poly-A tails

If you want to trim a poly-A tail from the 3’ end of your reads, use the 3’ adapter type (-a) with an adapter sequence of many repeated A nucleotides. Starting with version 1.8 of Cutadapt, you can use the following notation to specify a sequence that consists of 100 A:

cutadapt -a "A{100}" -o output.fastq input.fastq

This also works when there are sequencing errors in the poly-A tail. So this read

TACGTACGTACGTACGAAATAAAAAAAAAAA

will be trimmed to:

TACGTACGTACGTACG

If for some reason you would like to use a shorter sequence of A, you can do so: The matching algorithm always picks the leftmost match that it can find, so Cutadapt will do the right thing even when the tail has more A than you used in the adapter sequence. However, sequencing errors may result in shorter matches than desired. For example, using -a "A{10}", the read above (where the AAAT is followed by eleven A) would be trimmed to:

TACGTACGTACGTACGAAAT

Depending on your application, perhaps a variant of -a A{10}N{90} is an alternative, forcing the match to be located as much to the left as possible, while still allowing for non-A bases towards the end of the read.

Trim a fixed number of bases after adapter trimming

If the adapters you want to remove are preceded by some unknown sequence (such as a random tag/molecular identifier), you can specify this as part of the adapter sequence in order to remove both in one go.

For example, assume you want to trim Illumina adapters preceded by 10 bases that you want to trim as well. Instead of this command:

cutadapt -a AGATCGGAAGAGCACACGTCTGAACTCCAGTCAC ...

Use this command:

cutadapt -O 13 -a N{10}AGATCGGAAGAGCACACGTCTGAACTCCAGTCAC ...

The -O 13 is the minimum overlap for an adapter match, where the 13 is computed as 3 plus 10 (where 3 is the default minimum overlap and 10 is the length of the unknown section). If you do not specify it, the adapter sequence would match the end of every read (because N matches anything), and ten bases would then be removed from every read.

Trimming (amplicon-) primers from both ends of paired-end reads

If you want to remove primer sequences that flank your sequence of interest, you should use a “linked adapter” to remove them. If you have paired-end data (with R1 and R2), you can correctly trim both R1 and R2 by using linked adapters for both R1 and R2. Here is how to do this.

The full DNA fragment that is put on the sequencer looks like this (looking only at the forward strand):

5’ sequencing primer – forward primer – sequence of interest – reverse complement of reverse primer – reverse complement of 3’ sequencing primer

Since sequencing of R1 starts after the 5’ sequencing primer, R1 will start with the forward primer and then continue into the sequence of interest and into the two primers to the right of it, depending on the read length and how long the sequence of interest is. For R1, the linked adapter option that needs to be used is therefore

-a FWDPRIMER...RCREVPRIMER

where FWDPRIMER needs to be replaced with the sequence of your forward primer and RCREVPRIMER with the reverse complement of the reverse primer. The three dots ... need to be entered as they are – they tell Cutadapt that this is a linked adapter with a 5’ and a 3’ part.

Sequencing of R2 starts before the 3’ sequencing primer and proceeds along the reverse-complementary strand. For the correct linked adapter, the sequences from above therefore need to be swapped and reverse-complemented:

-A REVPRIMER...RCFWDPRIMER

The uppercase -A specifies that this option is meant to work on R2. Similar to above, REVPRIMER is the sequence of the reverse primer and RCFWDPRIMER is the reverse-complement of the forward primer. Note that Cutadapt does not reverse-complement any sequences of its own; you will have to do that yourself.

Finally, you may want to filter the trimmed read pairs. Use --discard-untrimmed to throw away all read pairs in which R1 doesn’t start with FWDPRIMER or in which R2 does not start with REVPRIMER.

A note on how the filtering works: In linked adapters, by default the first part (before the ...) is anchored. Anchored sequences must occur. If they don’t, then the other sequence (after the ...) is not even searched for and the entire read is internally marked as “untrimmed”. This is done for both R1 and R2 and as soon as any of them is marked as “untrimmed”, the entire pair is considered to be “untrimmed”. If --discard-untrimmed is used, this means that the entire pair is discarded if R1 or R2 are untrimmed. (Option --pair-filter=both can be used to change this to require that both were marked as untrimmed.)

In summary, this is how to trim your data and discard all read pairs that do not contain the primer sequences that you know must be there:

cutadapt -a FWDPRIMER...RCREVPRIMER -A REVPRIMER...RCFWDPRIMER --discard-untrimmed -o out.1.fastq.gz -p out.2.fastq.gz in.1.fastq.gz in.2.fastq.gz

Piping paired-end data

Sometimes it is necessary to run Cutadapt twice on your data. For example, when you want to change the order in which read modification or filtering options are applied. To simplify this, you can use Unix pipes (|), but this is more difficult with paired-end data since then input and output consists of two files each.

The solution is to interleave the paired-end data, send it over the pipe and then de-interleave it in the other process. Here is how this looks in principle:

cutadapt [options] --interleaved in.1.fastq.gz in.2.fastq.gz | \
  cutadapt [options] --interleaved -o out.1.fastq.gz -p out.2.fastq.gz -

Note the - character in the second invocation to Cutadapt.

Support for concatenated compressed files

Cutadapt supports concatenated gzip and bzip2 input files.

Paired-end read name check

When reading paired-end files, Cutadapt checks whether the read names match. Only the part of the read name before the first space is considered. If the read name ends with 1 or 2, then that is also ignored. For example, two FASTQ headers that would be considered to denote properly paired reads are:

@my_read/1 a comment

and:

@my_read/2 another comment

This is an example for improperly paired read names:

@my_read/1;1

and:

@my_read/2;1

Since the 1 and 2 are ignored only if the occur at the end of the read name, and since the ;1 is considered to be part of the read name, these reads will not be considered to be propely paired.

Rescuing single reads from paired-end reads that were filtered

When trimming and filtering paired-end reads, Cutadapt always discards entire read pairs. If you want to keep one of the reads, you need to write the filtered read pairs to an output file and postprocess it.

For example, assume you are using -m 30 to discard too short reads. Cutadapt discards all read pairs in which just one of the reads is too short (but see the --pair-filter option). To recover those (individual) reads that are long enough, you can first use the --too-short-(paired)-output options to write the filtered pairs to a file, and then postprocess those files to keep only the long enough reads.

cutadapt -m 30 -q 20 -o out.1.fastq.gz -p out.2.fastq.gz –too-short-output=tooshort.1.fastq.gz –too-short-paired-output=tooshort.2.fastq.gz in.1.fastq.gz in.2.fastq.gz cutadapt -m 30 -o rescued.a.fastq.gz tooshort.1.fastq.gz cutadapt -m 30 -o rescued.b.fastq.gz tooshort.2.fastq.gz

The two output files rescued.a.fastq.gz and rescued.b.fastq.gz contain those individual reads that are long enough. Note that the file names do not end in .1.fastq.gz and .2.fastq.gz to make it very clear that these files no longer contain synchronized paired-end reads.

Bisulfite sequencing (RRBS)

When trimming reads that come from a library prepared with the RRBS (reduced representation bisulfite sequencing) protocol, the last two 3’ bases must be removed in addition to the adapter itself. This can be achieved by using not the adapter sequence itself, but by adding two wildcard characters to its beginning. If the adapter sequence is ADAPTER, the command for trimming should be:

cutadapt -a NNADAPTER -o output.fastq input.fastq

Details can be found in Babraham bioinformatics’ “Brief guide to RRBS”. A summary follows.

During RRBS library preparation, DNA is digested with the restriction enzyme MspI, generating a two-base overhang on the 5’ end (CG). MspI recognizes the sequence CCGG and cuts between C and CGG. A double-stranded DNA fragment is cut in this way:

5'-NNNC|CGGNNN-3'
3'-NNNGGC|CNNN-5'

The fragment between two MspI restriction sites looks like this:

5'-CGGNNN...NNNC-3'
  3'-CNNN...NNNGGC-5'

Before sequencing (or PCR) adapters can be ligated, the missing base positions must be filled in with GTP and CTP:

5'-ADAPTER-CGGNNN...NNNCcg-ADAPTER-3'
3'-ADAPTER-gcCNNN...NNNGGC-ADAPTER-5'

The filled-in bases, marked in lowercase above, do not contain any original methylation information, and must therefore not be used for methylation calling. By prefixing the adapter sequence with NN, the bases will be automatically stripped during adapter trimming.

Other things (unfinished)

  • How to detect adapters
  • Use Cutadapt for quality-trimming only
  • Use it for minimum/maximum length filtering
  • Use it for conversion to FASTQ